The following sources are referenced on the Biology of the White-Tailed Deer page

01* Snyder, F. 1988a. Progress Report: A study of the New Jersey deer herd; Study # IV – population inventory; Job: A – Calculation of fall (pre-hunting) populations. NJ DFG&W Federal Aid Project # W-45-R-24.

02* Snyder, F. 1988b. Progress Report: A study of the New Jersey Deer Herd; Study # I – annual deer harvest; Job A – determination of the size and distribution of the annual deer harvest. NJDFG&W Federal Aid Project W-45-R-24.

03* Snyder, F. 1986a. Final Report: A study of the New Jersey deer herd; IV – population inventory; A – calculation of fall populations. NJDFG&W Federal Aid Project # W-45-R-22.

04* Snyder, F. 1987. Final Report: A study of the New Jersey deer herd; I – annual deer harvest; A – determination of the size and distribution of the annual deer harvest. NJDFG&W Federal Aid Report W-45-R-23.

05* Snyder, F. 1986b. Final Report: A study of the New Jersey deer herd; I – annual deer harvest; A – determination of the size and distribution of the annual deer harvest. NJDFG&W Federal Aid Report W-45-R-22.

06* Snyder, F. 1985a. Progress Report: A study of the New Jersey deer herd; Study # IV – population inventory; Job: A – Calculation of fall (pre-hunting) populations. NJDFG&W Federal Aid Project # W-45-R-21.

07* Snyder, F. 1984. Progress Report: A study of the New Jersey deer herd; Study # IV – population inventory; Job: A – Calculation of fall (pre-hunting) populations. NJDFG&W Federal Aid Project # W-45-R-20.

08* Snyder, F. 1985b. Final Report: A study of the New Jersey deer herd; I – annual deer harvest; A – determination of the size and distribution of the annual deer harvest. NJDFG&W Federal Aid Report W-45-R-21.

09* New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife. 1989. 1988-89 Total harvest by zone and season. Unpublished table.

10* New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife. 1989. Deer harvest by county and season (1909-1989). Unpublished table.

11* Anon. A preference list of winter deer foods.

12* Burke, D. et al. undated. An assessment of deer hunting in New Jersey. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Shellfisheries, Bureau of Wildlife Management.

13* O’Gara, B.W. and R.B. Harris. 1988. Age and condition of deer killed by predators and automobiles. J. Wildl. Manage. 52:316-320. [NJDBF]

14* McCullough, D. R. and P. Beier. 1986. Upper vs. lower molars for cementum annuli age determination of deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:705-706. [NJDBF]

15* Ozoga, J.J. and R. K. Clute. 1988. Mortality rates of marked and unmarked fawns. J. Wildl. Manage. 52:549-551. [NJDBF]

16* Ozoga, J.J. and L.J. Verme. 1986. Initial and subsequent maternal success of white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:122-124. [NJDBF]

17* Ozoga, J.J. and L.J. Verme. 1986. Relation of maternal age to fawn-rearing success in white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:480-486. [NJDBF]

18* DeYoung, C.A. 1989. Mortality of adult male white-tailed deer in south Texas. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:513-518. [NJDBF]

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22* Keister, G.P.,jr., C.E. Trainer and M.J. Willis. 1988. A self-adjusting collar for young ungulates. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16:321-323. [NJDBF]

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24* Mech, L.D., K.E. Kunkel, R.C. Chapman and T.J. Kreeger. 1990. Field testing of commercially manufactured capture collars on white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 54:297-299. [NJDBF]

25* Delgiudice, G.D., K.E. Kunkel, L.D. Mech, and U.S. Seal. 1990. Minimizing capture-related stress on white-tailed deer with a capture collar. J. Wildl. Manage. 54:299-303. [NJDBF]

26* Conner, M.C., R.A. Lancia, and K.H. Pollock. 1986. Precision of the change-in-ratio technique for deer population management. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:125-129. [NJDBF]

27* Feldhamer, G.A., J.E. Gates, D.M. Harman, A.J. Loranger, and K.R. Dixon. 1986. Effects of interstate highway fencing on white-tailed deer activity. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:497-503. [NJDBF]

28* Root, B.G., E.K. Fritzell and N.F. Giessman. 1988. Effects of intensive hunting on white-tailed deer movement. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16:145-151. [NJDBF]

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30* Hansen. L.P., C.M. Nixon and F. Loomis. 1986. Factors affecting daily and annual harvest of white-tailed deer in Illinois. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14:368-376. [NJDBF]

31* Decker, D.J., and T.A. Gavin. 1987. Public attitudes toward a suburban deer herd. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 15:173-180. [NJDBF]

32* Lenarz, M.S. 1987. Economics of forest openings for white-tailed deer. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 15:568-573. [NJDBF]

33* Wood, G.W. 1988. Effects of prescribed fire on deer forage and nutrients. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16:180-186. [NJDBF]

34* Nixon, C.M., L.P. Hansen and P.A. Brewer. 1988. Characteristics of winter habitats used by deer in Illinois. J. Wildl. Manage. 52:552-555. [NJDBF]

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36* Huegel, C.N., r.B. Dahlgren and H.L. Gladfelter. 1986. Bedsite selection by white-tailed deer fawns in Iowa. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:474-480. [NJDBF]

37* Wiles, G.J. and H.P. Weeks, jr. 1986. Movements and use patterns of white-tailed deer visiting natural licks. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:487-496. [NJDBF]

38* Conover, M.R. 1989. Relationships between characteristics of nurseries and deer browsing. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 17:414-418. [NJDBF]

39* Holzenbein, S., and G. Schwede. 1989. Activity and movements of female white-tailed deer during the rut. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:219-223. [NJDBF]

40* McCullough, D.R., D.H. Hirth and S.J. Newhouse. 1989. Resource partitioning between sexes in white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:277-283. [NJDBF]

41* Demarais, S., J.W. Fuquay and H.A. Jacobson. 1986. Seasonal rectal temperatures of white-tailed deer in Mississippi. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:702-705. [NJDBF]

42* DelGiudice, G.D., L.D. Mech, U.S. Seal and P.D. Karns. 1987. Effects of winter fasting and refeeding on white-tailed deer blood profiles. J. Wildl. Manage. 51:865-873. [NJDBF]

43* Wood, A.K., R.E. Short, A-E. Darling, G.L. Dusek, R.G. Sasser and C.A. Ruder. 1986. Serum assays for detecting pregnancy inn mule and white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 50:684-687. [NJDBF]

44* Hygnstrom, S.E., and S.R. Craven. 1988. Electric fences and commercial repellents for reducing deer damage in cornfields. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16:291-296. [NJDBF]

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46* Wood, P. and M.L. Wolfe. 1988. Intercept feeding as a means of reducing deer-vehicle collisions. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16:376-380. [NJDBF]

47* Conover, M.R. and G.S. Kania. 1988. Browsing preference of white-tailed deer for different ornamental species. Wildl. Soc. Bull.

48* Rogers, L.L. 1987. Seasonal changes in defecation rates of free-ranging white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 51:330-333. [NJDBF]

49* Weckerly, F.W., P.L. Leberg and R.A. Van den Bussche. 1987. Variation of weight and chest girth in white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 51:334-337. [NJDBF]

50* Verme, L.J., J.J. Ozoga, and J.T. Nellist. 1987. Induced early estrus in penned white-tailed deer does. J. Wildl. Manage. 51:54-56. [NJDBF]

51* Bubenik, G.A. and L. Brownlee. 1987. Assessing health of male white-tailed deer by white blood cell counts. J. Wildl. Manage. 51:57-58. [NJDBF]

52* Rogers, L.L., A.N. Moen and M.L. Shedd. 1987. Rectal temperatures of 2 free-ranging white-tailed deer fawns. J. Wildl. Manage. 51:59-62. [NJDBF]

53* Pekins, P.J. and W.W. Mautz. 1988. Digestibility and nutritional value of autumn diets of deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 52:328-332. [NJDBF]

54* Jacobson, H.A., H.J. Bearden and D.B. Whitehouse. 1989. Artificial insemination trials with white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:224-227. [NJDBF]

55* DelGiudice, G.D., L.D. Mech, and U.S. Seal. 1988. Chemical analyses of deer bladder urine and urine collected from snow. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16:324-326. [NJDBF]

56* DelGiudice, G.D., L.D. Mech and U.S. Seal. 1989. Physiological assessment of deer populations by analysis of urine in snow. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:284-291. [NJDBF]

57* DelGiudice, G.D. and U.S. Seal. 1988. Classifying winter undernutrition in deer via serum and urinary urea nitrogen. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 16:27-32. [NJDBF]

58* DeLiberto, T.J., J.A Pfister, S. Demarais and U.S. Seal. 1988. Urea nitrogen in serum and vitreous humor of white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 52:599-601. [NJDBF]

59* Ullrey, D.E., J.T. Nellist, J.P. Duvendeck, P.A. Whetter, and L.D. Fay. 1987. Digestibility of vegetative rye for white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 51:51-53. [NJDBF]

60* Feldhamer, G.A., T.P. Kilbane and D.W. Sharp. 1989. Cumulative effect of winter on acorn yield and deer body weight. J. Wildl. Manage. 53:292-295. [NJDBF]

61* Predl, S. 1990. Personal communication. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife.

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64* Sadleir, R.M.F.S. 1987. Reproduction of female cervids. Pp 123-144 in C.M. Wemmer, ed. Biology and Management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

65* Bunnell, F.L. 1987. Reproductive tactics of Cervidae and their relationships to habitat. Pp 145-167 in C.M. Wemmer, ed. Biology and Management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

66* Chesser, R.K. and M.H. Smith. 1987. Relationship of genetic variation to growth and reproduction in White-tailed Deer. Pp 168-177 in C.M. Wemmer, ed. Biology and Management of the Cervidae. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.

67* Schulze, T.L., M.F. Lakat, G.S. Bowen, W.E. Parkin and J.K. Shisler. 1984. Ixodes dammini (Acari: Ixodidae) and other Ixoded ticks collected from White-tailed Deer in New Jersey, USA, I. Geographical distribution and its relation to selected environmental and physical factors. J. Med. Entomol. 21:741-749. [NJDBF]

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71* Nichols, T.C. 1990. A study of the New Jersey deer herd: Collection and evaluation of age, sex, weight, antler beam and antler point information from the annual deer harvest. NJ DFG&W Federal Aid Project No. W-45-R-25.

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74* Lund, R. 1990. Personal communication. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife.

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76* Predl, S. 1989. Progress Report: II-B – Collection and evaluation of reproductive and condition data throughout the winter – spring period on a statewide basis. New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife Federal Aid to Wildlife Project W-45-R-25. [NJDBF]

77* Halls, L.K., ed. 1984. White-tailed Deer: Ecology and Management. Stackpole Books, Washington, D.C. 870 pp.

78* Dehority, B.A. 1990. Rumen ciliate protozoa in Ohio White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J. Protozoology 37:473-475.

80* Dasmann, W. 1971. If Deer Are to Survive. Wildl. Manage. Inst. Washington, D.C:128.

82* Davidson, W.R., Hayes, F.A., Nettles, V.F., Kellogg, F.E. (ed.) 1981. Diseases and parasites of white-tailed deer. Southeastern Coop. Wildl. Dis. Study, Athens, Ga:458.

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85* Jones, J.M. and J.H. Witham. 1990. Post-translocation survival and movements of metropolitan white-tailed deer. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 18:434-441.

86* Thill, R.E., H.F. Morris, and A.T. Harrel. 1990. Nutritional quality of Deer diets from Southern pine-hardwood forests. Amer. Midland Nat. 124: 413-417.

90* Doutt, J.K., Heppenstall, C.A., Guilday, J.E. 1977. Mammals of Pennsylvania. Penn. Game Comm. Harrisburg, Penn:282.

95* Engle, J.W., Jr. 1950. An investigation of conditions influencing the pattern of overpopulated deer in areas in Virginia during 1949. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Tech., Blacksburg, Va. UNPB:113.

96* Weckerly, F.W. and J.P. Nelson. 1990. Age and sex differences of White- tailed diet composition, quality, and calcium. J. Wildl. Manage. 54: 532- 538.

97* Schmitz, O.J. 1990. Management implications of foraging theory – Evaluating deer supplemental feeding. J. Wildl. Manage. 54:522-532.

98* Delgiudice, G.D., L.D. Mech, and U.S. Seal. 1990. Effects of winter undernutrition on body composition and physiological profiles of White-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 54:539-550.

102* Eve, J.H., Kellog, F.E. 1977. Management implications of abomasal parasites in southeastern white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 41:169-177.

103* Watkins, B.E., J.H. Witham, D.E. Ullrey, D.J. Watkins, and J.M. Jones. 1991. Body composition and condition evaluation of White-tailed Deer fawns. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:39-51.

104* Novak, J.M., K.T. Scribner, W.D. Dupont, and M.H. Smith. 1991. Catch-effort estimation of White-tailed deer population size. J. Wildl. Manage. 55:31-38.

105* Johnson, A.S. 1987. Pine Plantations as Wildlife Habitat: A Perspective. In: Managing Southern Forests for Wildlife and Fish. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, General Tech. Rep. SO-65.

106* Landers, J.L. 1987. Prescribed Burning for Managing Wildlife in Southeastern Pine Forests. In: Managing Southern Forests for Wildlife and Fish. USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, General Tech. Rep. SO-65.

107* Halls L.K. 1978. White-tailed Deer. In: John L. Schmidt and D.L. Gilbert (eds.) Big Game of North America, Ecology and Management. Wildlife Management Institute. Stackpole Books.

108* Knierim, P.G., K.L. Carvell, and J.D. Gill. 1971. Browse in Thinned Oak and Cove Hardwood Stands. Journal of Wildlife Management. 35(1) pp. 163-168.

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158* Harlow, R.F. 1971. Foods of white-tailed deer in the southeast based on rumen analysis. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Va.:72.

159* Harlow, R.F., Whelan, J.B., Crawford, H.S., Akeen, J.E. 1975. Deer foods during years of oak mast abundance and scarcity. J. Wildl. Manage. 39(2):330-336.

162* Hawkins, R.E., Klimistra, W.D. 1970. A preliminary study of the social organization of white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 34(2):407-419.

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187* Knierim, P.G., Carvell, K.L., Gill, J.D. 1971. Browse in thinned oak and cove hardwood stands. J. Wildl. Manage. 35(1):163-168.

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222* Moen, A.N. 1978. Seasonal changes in heart rates, activity, metabolism, and forage intake of white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 42(4):715-738.

239* Pursglove, S.R., Prestwood, A.K., Nettles, V.F., Hayes, F.A. 1976. Intestinal nematodes of white-tailed deer in southeastern United States. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 169:896-900.

253* Scanlon, J.J. 1981. Effects of pine conversion on forage availability for white-tailed deer in the Virginia Piedmont. M.S. Thesis, Virginia Tech. Blacksburg, Va. UNPB:171.

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294* Verme, L.J. 1969. Reproductive patterns of white-tailed deer related to nutritional plane. J. Wildl. Manage. 33:881-887.

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501* New Jersey Division of Fish, Game and Wildlife, 1989. New Jersey’s Wildlife Species Status List.

2188* Halls, L.K. 1978. White-tailed deer. In: Big Game of North America: Ecology and Management. Schmidt, J.L., Gilbert, D.L., eds. Stackpole Books, Harrisburg, Pa.

2190* Weber, A. J. 1966. Regional differences in fawning times of North Carolina deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 30(4):843-845.

DWG* Stein, Raymond J. 1979. Mammals of the Delaware Water Gap National Recreation Area New Jersey and Pennsylvania. [NJDBF]

GS* USDI, Fish and Wildlife Service. 1984. Mammals of Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge New Jersey. [NJDBF]